{"id":4483,"date":"2021-10-21T17:48:55","date_gmt":"2021-10-21T16:48:55","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2021-10-21T17:48:55","modified_gmt":"2021-10-21T16:48:55","slug":"the-journey-of-death","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/shiastudies.com\/en\/4483\/the-journey-of-death\/","title":{"rendered":"The Journey of Death"},"content":{"rendered":"

The Journey of Death<\/strong><\/h1>\n

The Journey of Death: <\/strong>“Kullu Nafsin dhaikatul maut”:\u00a0 “Every soul must taste death…” Suratul \u2018Ankabut – 29:57
\nInna lillahi wa inna ilayhi rajioon “..Indeed we are from Allah and indeed to Him we will return.” Suratul Baqara 2:156<\/p>\n

\nThere are only two things that are certain in one\u2019s existence. One is birth – as in the above aya – indeed we are from Allah – and the other is death – and indeed to Him we will return.
\nWe prepare for the birth of a child, even calling the mother an \u2018expectant\u2019 mother but we do not call ourselves \u2018expectant\u2019 marhumeen even though the journey of death to the aakhira\u2019 is inevitable and unavoidable.
\nHowever, sooner or later, because of our old age or illness, or that of someone we love, or the news of the death of someone in the community, we are forced to face the reality of death, realising the need for preparation for the journey.
\nAccording to an old fable, a man made an unusual agreement with Izraeel – the angel of death. He told Izraeel that he would be willing to accompany him (as though he had a choice) only if Izraeel would send him a notice well in advance. The agreement was made. Weeks became months and the months into years. One bitterly cold night, as the man sat alone thinking of his success in life, Izraeel tapped on his shoulder. “You are here too soon” the man cried out. “You sent no messenger. I thought we had an agreement!”. Izraeel whispered “Notice your hair, once it was full and black, now it has streaks of silver in it!. Observe your face in the mirror and see the wrinkles. Yes! I have sent many messages through the years! I have kept my part. I am sorry that you are not ready for me but the order of Allah cannot be averted!”
\nThe Prophet (S.A.W.) has said:
\n“You have not been created to perish, but to remain forever. You only transfer from one home to another when you die.”
\nImam Husayn (A.S.) said to his companions on the day of Ashura:
\n“Death is nothing but a bridge over which you pass from this world of distress and affliction towards a vast heaven of eternal bliss. Who amongst you does not like to migrate from the (worldly) prison to the (heavenly) palace? And as for your enemies, it is like migrating from the palace towards the prison.”
\nHow do we prepare for the journey of death?
\nWhen one undertakes to travel in the world there are numerous preparations to be made:
\n1. i) Tickets (means of travel)
\n2. ii) Passport
\n3. iii) Visas
\n4. iv) Inoculations\/Health certificates
\n5. v) Clothes (befitting the particular climate of the country of destination)
\n6. vi) Money (in the right currency or recognised changeable funds)
\n7. vii) Ensure that all is settled at home e.g. bills paid…
\n8. viii) Leave behind someone trustworthy to look after affairs.
\nThe same criteria applies to the transitional journey of death. The only difference being that we must be prepared all day, every day as the date of travel is not known.
\nFortunately, the tickets are provided by Allah and we do not have to bear the cost.
\nSince there is a choice of destinations, the passport and visa requirements vary.
\nFor the destination of the pleasure of Allah (Janna), the passport must confirm bay\u2019at to Allah, his Prophets and the Aimma. It must also testify to tawheed, adala and qiyama.
\nFor the destination of Jahannam, there is no need of a passport at all.
\nThe visas for Janna are even more difficult to obtain. Numerous qualifications are required amongst them truthfulness, patience, salaa, zakaa, amr bil ma\u2019ruf, nahyi anil munkar…
\nThe clothes are simple and easily obtainable – A kafan. The Prophet (S.A.W.) has said:
\n“One of the qualities that purify the heart is to acquire a kafan.”
\nMake sure all debts are paid or provisions made for them; be they in monetary terms or in the form of someone\u2019s feelings. Always keep a record of the dues to Allah (qadha wajibat).
\nThe funds to spend there must be in the right currency. In the hereafter, the only acceptable currency is thawabs. Besides daily wajibat and good deeds it is essential to invest in an investment that will yield constant return until qiyama (thawab e jari).
\nLeaving behind someone to look after your affairs can be in the form of bringing up a righteous child and\/or serving mankind by giving zakaa of time, wealth, knowledge… which will adopt this role.
\nHow does death come?
\nWhen death approaches and the five senses cease to function, one sees (in spiritual vision) the whole of his\/her life flash by. One also sees 3 things which claim to be friends:
\n1. i) One of them says – I will remain with you till your death This is worldly wealth and assets.
\n2. ii) The second says – I will accompany you to the entrance of your grave. These are family and friends.
\n3. iii) The third one says – I will remain with you forever. These are his good deeds (thawab).
\nImam Zaynul Abedeen (A.S.) has said:
\n” Allah has said – I do not hesitate in any order except the death of a believer. He\/she dislikes death and I do not like displeasing him\/her. Therefore, when the time of death comes, Allah sends two angels to the believer – one is called Muskhiya and the other Munsiyya. Muskhiya makes the person generous (encouraging him\/her to leave everything behind) and Munsiyya makes him\/her forget the world. The angel of death (Izraeel) then arrives to remove the soul.”
\nIs Death painful?
\nFor this we must first understand the aspect of punishment (adhab). Punishment for sins is in seven stages. Before we look at them it is necessary to know that adhab is not revenge of Allah, nor does Allah enjoy punishing mankind. It is a form of cleansing and curing just like a doctor who cures his patients. The cure may entail the need of pain – injections, operations…….and is not the result of the doctor being cruel to the patient but rather being merciful and kind.
\nSimilarly, adhab cleans a person so he\/she may be able to enter the pure destination of the pleasure of Allah (Janna).
\nThe seven stages of punishment are
\n1. i) In this world
\n2. ii) When death comes
\n3. iii) The squeeze of the grave
\n4. iv) Barzakh
\n5. v) Day of Judgement
\n6. vi) The bridge of sirat (From mahshar to Janna over Jahannam)
\n7. vii) Jahannam
\nThe Punishment therefore is on a graded basis. If ones sins have been answered for in this world and tawba done then Imam Ja\u2019fer As-Sadiq (A.S.) says that death is like a fragrant breeze. However, if the sins have not been cleansed then death is painful. Imam Ja\u2019fer As-Sadiq (A.S.) says: “Whatever a mu\u2019min suffers at the time of death, it is for the purpose of cleansing him\/her from sins so that he would come into the hereafter pure and unblemished deserving the eternal reward of Allah without any obstacle between him\/her and the reward.”
\nAfter burial, and when those who have buried the dead person have gone away, two angels visit the grave. One is Munkar and the other Nakeer. The soul re-enters the body and they ask questions on belief:
\nWho is your Lord? What is your religion? What is your book? What is your qibla? Who is your Prophet? Who are your Aimma?
\nThis questioning is the composition of talqeen which is recited at the time of burial. Talqeen (which means to teach) should be recited daily at bed time so one is in a constant state of preparation for answering Munkar and Nakeer.
\nImam Ja\u2019fer As-Sadiq (A.S.) has said:
\n“Who so ever is subjected to the questioning in the grave, is also squeezed in the grave”*
\nFor some it will be like the embrace of two friends but for those whose sins have still not been cleansed by death, it is severe.
\n*Be it a grave in water, earth or where ever, for it is the abode of the soul.<\/p>\n

BARZAKH<\/strong>
\nwa min waraaihim barzakhu ilaa yawmi yubathoon
\n“…And before them is barzakh (a barrier) till the day of Qiyama.
\nSuratul Mu\u2019minun 23:100
\nBarzakh is the period of time in the grave from burial upto the day of Qiyama. Life in barzakh is characterised by the liberation of the nafs from the fetters of the body. The nafs is also no longer harassed by passion and instinct. There is no question of time or space in barzakh just as in dreams, thus the horizon of a human being\u2019s vision is vastly enlarged. Everything can be imagined in a single instant.
\nThe nafs of he\/she who is virtuous is no longer constricted in the cage of the world and will delight in roaming freely through the infinite.
\nHowever, to the mu\u2019mineen whose sins have not been cleansed by death, and by the squeeze in the grave,
\nOur 6th Imam has said:
\n“We will intercede for you on the day of Qiyama, but by Allah, I am worried about you for the period when you will be in barzakh.”
\nThe nafs is on a different realm after death, yet it does not completely sever it\u2019s relationship with the body which it used as it\u2019s vehicle for it\u2019s destiny.
\nIt is reported in Vol 3 of Al-Kafi that a companion of Imam Ali (A.S) was once with the Imam at the cemetery of Waadi us Salaam. He said:
\n“Imam stood in the cemetery as though he was addressing a gathering. I remained standing with Imam until I became tired and sat down. When I got tired of sitting I stood up again and remained standing until I got tired again and sat down once more. Finally, I stood up and said to Imam – I fear for you, seeing you stand for so long, please rest a little!”
\nImam replied: “O Habba! I am standing here talking to the mu\u2019mineen!”
\nHabba asked: “Do they have conversations with each other?”
\nImam replied: “Yes! Once the veil is lifted you will see them gathered in circles talking to each other.”
\n“Are you speaking of their bodies or their arwaah?”
\nImam replied: “Their arwaah”
\nIt is reported in Al Mahaasin that Abu Baseer – a companion of our 6th Imam says that there was a discussion on the arwaah of righteous mu\u2019mineen in the presence of Imam Ja\u2019fer As-Sadiq (A.S.). Imam said;
\n“The arwaah of mu\u2019mineen meet each other….they talk to each other and recognise each other, when you see someone there, you will say. \u2018This is so and so.” Those in barzakh can also establish contact with those in the world.
\nIn Vol 1 of Al-Kaafi it is reported that Imam Ja\u2019fer As-Sadiq (A.S.) has said: “…Amongst the believers (who have died) are those for whom Friday is a day of visiting, and there are also those the balance of whose deeds permits them to see them.”
\nIn the same volume it is reported that someone asked Imam Ali (A.S.) whether the dead were allowed to visit their relatives. Imam confirmed that they were and the questioner asked – when and how often?
\nImam replied: “Every week, every month, or every year depending on their spiritual rank and capacity.”
\nThose in barzakh can be divided into 4 groups:
\n1. 1. The true mu\u2019mineen. Perfect in faith and with taqwa in their actions. Any mistakes or sins were cleansed by worldly troubles and\/or the pangs of death. They are therefore at peace in Barzakh eagerly awaiting qiyama.
\n2. 2. The confirmed unbelievers and hypocrites whose reward for good deeds has been recompensed in the world and\/or ease at death. They also, if required, are further recompensed by ease in barzakh. However, they do not wish for the day of qiyama.
\n3. 3. Those who are neither of the above two groups. Children, those afflicted with lunacy and those who were so far away from the message of Islam that they do not know of the word of Allah. They will be in a state of slumber, their fate to be decided by Allah on the day of Qiyama.
\n4. 4. The final group is those of mu\u2019mineen whose sins were not cleansed by worldly troubles, the pangs of death and the squeeze of the grave. For these, barzakh will be a place of punishment.
\nRAJ\u2019AT<\/strong>
\nThe literal meaning of raj\u2019at is to return.
\nIn the Qur\u2019an Allah says:
\n“And on that day We shall raise a witness out of every nation….”
\nSuratun Nahl 16:84
\nThis indicates a day other than the day of Qiyama. According to Imam Ja\u2019fer As-Sadiq (A.S.); after the dhuhur of Imam Muhammad Al-Mahdi (A.S.) the era of raj\u2019at will come. Some of the Prophets and all the Aimma will be raised with selected people from their times. Imam Ja\u2019fer As-Sadiq (A.S.) has further said that Imam Mahdi (A.S.) will take revenge against the assassins of the other Aimma who will be raised as well.
\nWhen the term of life of Imam Muhammad Al-Mahdi (A.S.) is ordained to end, he will hand over his ring to Imam Husayn (A.S.) who will conduct the burial of Imam Mahdi (A.S.).
\nThe Prophet (S.A.W.) has said:
\n“He\/she who does not believe in Raj\u2019at is not of us.”<\/p>\n

THE DAY OF QIYAMA<\/strong>
\nIt is an event which concerns everything and all mankind. The whole universe enters a new stage, life and system. The Qur\u2019an tells us that this event will coincide with the extinction of the sun and the stars, the drying up of the seas, the levelling of high and low lands, the disintegration of mountains, universal earthquakes and a great transformation. The whole world will move towards destruction and everything will be annihilated.
\nThis will be followed by resurrection. The Prophet (S.A.W.) has said:
\n“Whenever you see the season of Spring, remember resurrection.” In other words, the rebirth in Spring of the plants is an example of resurrection.
\nIf there were no resurrection, eternal life, Janna and Jahannam; then creation would be futile and vain and it would be unjust of God. Allah is neither unjust, nor does He create in vain.
\nIt will be the day of assembly, encounter, accounting and compensation.
\nAccording to the Qur\u2019an and the ahadith of our Ma\u2019sumeen, it is the day when one will find one\u2019s deeds \u2018illustrated\u2019 and \u2018manifested\u2019. Good deeds will be manifest as a source of happiness and joy whilst bad deeds will be manifest as a source of pain, suffering and torture.
\nThe finale of the day will be the compensation of eternal bliss (Janna) or eternal punishment (Jahannam).<\/p>\n

IHTIDHAAR<\/strong>
\nThe period of time just before death is known as ihtidhaar.
\nIt is ehtiyaat wajib to lay the dying person on his\/her back with the face and the soles of the feet facing qibla. (It may be worth noting that where it causes any difficulty the bed should be turned rather then handling the person him\/herself.
\nIt is Mustahab to:
\n1. 1. Help the dying person recite and understand the Kalima, the names of the 12 Aimma, and other beliefs.
\n2. 2. Recite Suratu Yaseen, Suratus Saffaat, Suratu Ahzaab, Ayatul Kursi, the 54th aya of Suratul A\u2019raaf & the last 3 ayaat of Suratul Baqara.
\n3. 3. It is also recommended to recite Dua Adeela.
\n4. 4. Help him\/her recite the following dua: Allahummag firlil kathiram min ma\u2019asyk, waq bil minnil yaseer min taa aetik, yaa mayn yaqbalul yaseer wa y\u2019afu anni katheer, iqbal minnil yaseer wa\u2019afu anil katheer, innaka antal ghafurur. Allahummar humni fainnaka raheem
\n“O Allah forgive me the many (sins) committed against you, and accept from me the meagre (good deeds) in your obedience. O He who accepts the meagre (good deeds) and excuses the many (sins), accept from me the meagre (good deeds) and forgive my many (sins). Surely You are The Forgiver,. O Allah! Have mercy on me for You are forever Merciful.” 5. If a dying person is in difficulty, he\/she should be brought to the place where he\/she normally prays salaa.
\nIt is Makruh:
\n1. 1. To leave the dying person alone.
\n2. 2. To place anything on his\/her stomach.
\n3. 3. To stay near the dying person if one is in a state of Haydh or in need of a wajib ghusl.
\n4. 4. To talk or cry excessively.<\/p>\n

DUA ADEELAH<\/strong>
\nDua Adeelah contains the fundamentals of eiman and is recommended to be read as many times as possible during ihtidhaar (the period of time just before death). If the dying person cannot recite it, then someone should recite it near him\/her audibly.
\nthat there is no god but He, the Almighty, the All Wise.
\nIndeed the deen with Allah is Islam,
\nAnd I, a feeble abd, sinful, guilty, insignificant, needy, destitute,
\ngive witness to my Rabb, my Creator, my Sustained, and my Supporter just as He Himself bears witness,
\nAnd bear witness that angels and the people of wisdom, His ibaad,
\nThat indeed there is no god but He, Owner of liberality and favours, generosity and blessings.
\nEternal Almighty, Ever lasting Knower, One and only Ever Living, Ever Existing, All hearing,
\nAll Seeing, Willing, Discriminating, Aware, Independent,
\nHe is worthy of all these attributes, although, truly speaking, He is over and above all these attributes.
\nHe was Almighty before the actuality of might and power were created,
\nHe was Wise before the conception of knowledge and reason were brought about.
\nHe was Absolute Authority even when there was no kingdom or possession.
\nHe is Glory under all circumstances.
\nHe Supreme Existence is prior to the past,
\nand He is Eternal without a beginning,
\nHe will remain beyond the end of everything, unperishable and without an end,
\nHe has no needs, in the beginning as well as in the end.
\nHe is able, free from dependence by Himself, whether inward, or outward.
\nThere is no injustice in His judgement,
\nno unfairness in His management,
\nno oppression in His administration.
\nIt is impossible to deny His Authority,
\nor to escape His firm hold,
\nor to avoid His punishment.
\nHis mercy overtakes His punishment
\nIf a person asks for anything from Him, unable to approach Him (correctly) on account of frustration and trouble,
\nhe\/she is treated equally in the matter of fulfilment by an able asker.
\nHe has given the ability to carry out His orders, has made it easy to avoid that which is haram
\nand has not made obedience unmanageable but according to one\u2019s capability.
\nGlory be to He! How Kind is He! Highest is His glory.
\nGlory be to he! How wonderful are His gifts and certainly His favours are countless.
\nHe sent down Prophets to explain His justice clearly,
\nappointed guides to make known His power and generosity,
\nand put us among the umma of the Prophet, the closest friend of Allah,
\nand the most excellent being, and the most pious,
\nMuhammad, Allah\u2019s blessings and peace be on him and his progeny.
\nWe believed in what he said and in what he called us to,
\nAnd in the Qur\u2019an, You revealed to him,
\nAnd in his successor, appointed by Him on the day of Ghadeer,
\nAnd identified in clear words: \u2018This is Ali\u2019
\nI bear witness that there are pious Aimma and righteous successors after the chosen messenger,
\nFrom Ali, the one who overpowered the unbelievers.After him, his eldest son, Hasan bin Ali,
\nThereafter, his brother Husayn, the grandson of Rasulullah, obedience to him being the pleasure of Allah,
\nThen Ali, the a\u2019abid of Allah, then Muhammad Al-Baqir, then Ja\u2019fer As-Sadiq,
\nthen Musa Al-Kadhim, then Ali Ar-Ridha, then Muhammad At-Taqi, then Ali An-Naqi, then Hasan Al-Askariy,
\nThen, the awaited saviour, the hujja, and the established successor, the one who is awaited, the one because of whom the world exists,
\nbecause of whose blessings all living creatures get their rizq,
\nbecause of whose presence, the heavens and earth stay stable,
\nand through him Allah will fill the earth with equity and justice when it is run over with tyranny and oppression.
\nAnd I bear witness that their words are a proof,
\nTo follow their example is obligatory,
\nTo obey them is obligatory, To love them is necessary, (because it has been) pre ordained
\nTo follow their way is salvation, To oppose them is destruction
\nThey are the leaders of Janna, effective helpers on the day of Qiyama
\nThe best guides for humankind, Indeed the best of successors.
\nI bear witness that death is certain and questioning in the grave is the certain,
\nAnd the raising of the dead is certain, and the decrees are certain, and the sirat is certain, and the balance is certain,
\nAnd the accounting is certain, and the book (the Qur\u2019an) is the truth, and Janna is real, and Jahannam is real,
\nAnd indeed there is no doubt in the hour of resurrection.
\nIndeed Allah shall raise the dead from the graves.
\nO Allah! I hope to receive Your favour, Your generosity and rahma I expect for entering Janna,
\nFor my conduct gives me no right for obtaining Your pleasure as I was not obedient,
\nExcept that I believe in Your Oneness, and Your Justice.
\nI depend upon Your favours and Your generosity, pardon me in the name of the Prophet and his progeny, Your beloved friends.
\nYou are the most Generous, the most Merciful
\nO Allah! Send blessings on the best of Your creations, Muhammad and on his most pure progeny.
\nThere is no authority and no might except that of Allah, the most High, the Great
\nO Allah! The most Merciful,
\nIndeed I place my eiman and deen with You as a trust and You are the best of trustees
\nWe have been commanded to look after that which is entrusted to us, so give back (what I have placed in Your trust) at the time of my death
\nThrough Your rahma, O the most Merciful.
\nO Allah! I seek refuge with You from alteration (of faith) at the time of death<\/p>\n

AFTER DEATH<\/strong>
\nIt is mustahab:
\n1. 1. To close his\/her eyes and lips, the chin be tied so the mouth does not fall open, and to keep his\/her arms and legs straight, and to cover the whole body with a sheet of cloth.
\n2. 2. To have sufficient lighting if it is dark.
\n3. 3. To inform mu\u2019mineen so that they may take part in the burial.
\nIt is makruh:
\n1. 1. To leave the mayyit alone.
\n2. 2. For those in the state of haydh or requiring a wajib ghusl to go near the mayyit.
\n3. 3. To delay the burial.
\nAfter death, it is wajib kifaii to:
\nGive ghusl, kafan, pray salaa alal mayyit and bury the mayyit.
\nIt is Ihtiyaat wajib to ask the permission of the wali (guardian) of the dead person before doing the above.
\nWajib Kifaii means A act that is wajib upon all, but once performed by one individual, it is no longer wajib upon the others.
\nIhtiyaat Wajib means it is wajib to follow the fatwa, but the muqallid may refer to another mujtahid.<\/p>\n

GHUSL OF A MAYYIT<\/strong>
\nIt is wajib kifaii to give Ghusl to the mayyit of every dead Muslim. If a foetus of 4 months or more is still-born it is wajib to give it Ghusl. If it has not completed four months, but it has formed features of a human child, it must be given Ghusl, as a precaution. In the event of both of these circumstances being absent, the foetus will be wrapped up in a cloth and buried without Ghusl.
\nIf there is ayn najasat on any part of the dead body, it is wajib to first remove it before giving Ghusl. And it is preferred that before the mayyit is given Ghusl, it should be clean and free from all other najasat. It should therefore be cleaned and washed thoroughly.
\nGhusl for a dead body is similar to Ghusl of Jumu\u2019a. Ghusl is first given to the head and neck, then the right side of the body, and then the left side.
\n3 ghusl are given to the mayyit in the following order:
\n1. 1. Aabe Sidr (water mixed with the leaves of the Sidr \u2013 beri, lotus tree).
\n2. 2. Aabe Kaafur (water mixed with camphor).
\n3. 3. Aabe Khalis (pure water).
\nThe quality of “Sidr” leaves and camphor should neither be so much that the water becomes mixed (Mudhaaf), nor so little that it may be said that “Sidr” leaves and camphor have not been mixed in it at all.
\nThe person\/people giving ghusl to the mayyit must be:
\n1. 1. Shia Ithna Asheri
\n2. 2. Baligh
\n3. 3. Sane
\n4. 4. Aware of the rules of ghusl
\n5. 5. The same sex as the dead person (Except when this is impossible, Please refer the risala of your marja\u2019 of taqleed.)
\nOne who gives Ghusl to the dead body should perform the act with the niyyat of Qurbat, that is, obedience to the pleasure of Allah.
\nThe following acts are mustahab:
\n1. 1. At least 2 people should give ghusl. One should pour water whilst the other should help to turn the mayyit.
\n2. 2. The soles of the mayyit should face qibla.
\n3. 3. Ghusl should be given a covered building and not under the open sky.
\n4. 4. The people giving ghusl should be on the right side of the mayyit.
\n5. 5. Those giving ghusl should ask for forgiveness for the mayyit and recite duas.
\n6. 6. The mayyit should be dried after giving the 3 wajib ghusl.
\nIt is haram to look at the private parts of a mayyit and if a person giving Ghusl looks at them, he commits a sin, though the Ghusl will not be void. Thus those giving ghusl must ensure that the private parts remain covered all the time.
\nThere is no rule for Jabirah in Ghusl of Mayyit, so if water is not available or there is some other valid excuse for abstaining from using water for the Ghusl, then the dead body should be given one tayammum instead of Ghusl.
\nIt is ehtiyaat mustahab to give, three tayammums, and in one of the tayammum, there should be a Niyyat of “ma-fizzimmah”. This means that a person giving tayammum resolves that this tayammum is given to absolve him of his responsibility.
\nA person giving tayammum to the dead body should strike his own palms on earth and then wipe them on the face and back of the hands of the dead body.<\/p>\n

HUNOOT<\/strong>
\nAfter having given ghusl to the mayyit it is wajib to give Hunoot with the niyya of Qurbatan Ilallah. Hunoot means to apply some camphor on the 7 parts of the body which are placed on the ground during sijda beginning with the forehead. The other parts being both the palms, both the knees and the big toes of both feet. It is not necessary to rub the camphor; it must be seen on these parts. The camphor used should be powdered and fresh. It is mustahab to apply camphor on the nose tip also.<\/p>\n

TAKFEEN (Shrouding a mayyit)<\/strong>
\nKAFAN<\/strong>
\nKafan is the cloth used to shroud the mayyit. It must be put on the mayyit after the 3 wajib ghusl. The minimum (wajib) kafan consists of 3 pieces of cloth.
\nHowever, it is Mustahab to use 8 pieces in all for a woman and 7 pieces in all for a man. It is mustahab that the kafan be of white cloth. (About 11 yds of material if it is 90″ in width for an adult)
\nThe 3 wajib pieces of kafan are:
\n1. 1. A wrap round which must cover the body from the navel to the knees but it is Mustahab to cover the body from the chest to the feet. (approx 90″x41″)
\n2. 2. A shirt which must be large enough to cover the body from the shoulders to the upper half of the legs but it is mustahab for it to be long enough to cover the upper part of the feet. (approx 108″x36″)
\n3. 3. An overall sheet of cloth (chadar) which must be wide enough to wrap round the mayyit with one side overlapping the other, and long enough so that both ends (at the head and feet) can be tied up after the mayyit has been wrapped. (90″x90″)
\n4. The mustahab pieces for both men and women are:
\n5. 4. A piece of cloth to cover the private parts. (approx 63″x14″)
\n6. 5. A piece of cloth to cover the private parts which must be long enough to wrap round both legs. (approx 108″x45″)
\n7. 6. A scarf like piece to cover the hair just as in salaa for women and to be would round the head like a turban for men.(approx 63″x17″)
\n8. 7. A second overall \u2018chadar\u2019 like the wajib one. (90″x90″)
\n9. The exta mustahab piece of kafan for a woman is:
\n10. 8. A piece of cloth to cover the chest area. (approx 54″x14″)<\/p>\n

Jareeda (Mustahab)<\/strong>
\nJareeda are fresh twigs (without leaves) cut from a tree.
\nA lot of emphasis has been given by our Aimma, to place jareedas on both sides of the mayyit. The reason given, that as long as the twigs remain green, the mayyit will be safe from \u2018fishare qabr\u2019 (the squeezing of the grave).
\nIt is better to use the twigs of a date palm, if not available then twigs from a pomegranate tree. However, if these are not available then twigs from any tree will suffice.
\nThe twigs should be of arms length and the twig on the right side should touch the armpit. The twig on the left side should be kept above the armpit.
\nThe overall \u2018chadar\u2019 is then wrapped around the mayyit.<\/p>\n

Salaa \u2018alal Mayyit (Namaz e Mayyit)<\/strong>
\nIt is wajib to acquire permission from the heirs of the deceased to recite Salaa \u2018alal Mayyit. Salaa \u2018alal Mayyit does not require any tahara and is recited in jama\u2019a. Everyone in the jama\u2019a has to repeat what is recited.
\nThe mayyit is placed on it\u2019s back perpendicular to the direction of qibla with the head on the right and the feet to the left.
\nBefore the salaa, it is recommended that instead of adhan mu\u2019mineen should be summoned to pray be calling \u2018As-Salaah\u2019 three times.
\nThose praying should stand as near as possible to the mayyit.
\nThe shortest way to recite it is as follows:
\n1. 1st Takbeer followed by Kalimat Shahadatayn
\n2. 2nd Takbeer followed by Salawaat
\n3. 3rdTakbeer followed by seeking forgiveness for all the believers
\n4. 4th Takbeer followed by seeking forgiveness for the deceased
\n5. 5th Takbeer ends the Salaa
\nThe full version is as follows:
\nI bear witness that there is no god but Allah, He is alone and has no partners, and I bear witness that Muhammad is his abd and His messenger. He was sent with the truth as a giver of good tidings and as one who warns about the hour (the last day).
\nO Allah! Bless Muhammad and his progeny
\nAnd grant peace to Muhammad and his progeny
\nAnd bless Muhammad and his progeny
\nAnd send Your mercy on Muhammad and his progeny
\nThe best of Your blessings, and peace and mercy which you bestowed upon Ibraheem and his progeny
\nIndeed You are the Praised worthy and Great.
\nO Allah! Grant forgiveness to all the mu\u2019mineen and mu\u2019minaat,
\nAnd to all the Muslims, men and women,
\nThe living among them and the dead,
\nLink us to them through good deeds,
\nIndeed You are the One who answers dua
\nIndeed You have power over everything.
\nIf the deceased is a male
\nIf the deceased is a female
\nO Allah! This man\/woman is Your abd, daughter\/son of Your abd.
\n\u00b7 He\/she has come to You, and You are the best resting place
\n\u00b7 O Allah! We know nothing about him\/her except what is good and You know more about him\/her than we
\n\u00b7 O Allah! If he\/she was one who did good, increase his\/her good deeds
\n\u00b7 If he\/she was one who did evil, then forgive him\/her
\n\u00b7 O Allah! Place him\/her near You in the highest of positions
\n\u00b7 And be a guardian for his\/her family forever
\n\u00b7 Bestow Your mercy, O the most Merciful of those who show mercy.
\nThe salaa is complete after the fifth and final takbeer.<\/p>\n

TADFEEN Burial<\/strong>
\nIt is wajib kifaii to bury the mayyit of a Muslim.
\n“Who so ever escorts a janaza of one of our Shias is forgiven his\/her sins and becomes void of sins as a newly born child.”
\nImam Ali Ridha (A.S.)
\nIt is mustahab that 4 people place the 4 corners of the janaza on their shoulders whist carrying it to the graveyard.
\nIt is also mustahab to start carrying the janaza from the side where the right shoulder of the mayyit lies and to continue in an anti-clock wise direction.
\nThe bearers should not move across the front of the janaza or underneath it.
\nIt is wajib:
\nThat the mayyit be buried in a deep enough grave so that no smell could spread and no animal could dig it out.
\nThat the mayyit must be placed in the grave such that it\u2019s right side touches the ground and the whole front part of the mayyit faces qibla.
\nIt is mustahab:
\nThat the depth of the grave be equal to the height of an average person. (approx. 5\u20196″) For burial, the janaza should be taken to the grave in stages. Before reaching the grave, the janaza should be placed on the ground, then raised and placed on the ground again after moving a little forward. The procedure should be repeated 3 times, each time bringing it closer to the grave.
\nFor males, the head should be lowered into the ground from the end where his feet will eventually lie. For females, the mayyit should first be placed at the side of the grave and then carried sideways, the whole mayyit being lowered into the grave at once. Whilst lowering the mayyit into the grave, it should be shielded from the view of the onlookers with a piece of cloth.
\nWhen the mayyit is placed in the grave, the ties of the outer chadar should be opened and the right cheek placed on the ground. The head should be placed on a mound of earth.
\nTalqeen should be recited to the mayyit whilst it is in the grave.
\nWith the exception of the relatives of the mayyit, all those present should flick earth in the grave with the back of their hands reciting:
\n?????\u00a8\u00eaUA?i \u00eaE?I?\u00bb\u00eaA B??\u00eaA ?E \u00ea\u00eaE\u00e9}\u00bc\u00ea\u00bb B??\u00eaA
\nIndeed we are from Allah and to Him we shall return
\nAfter burial, the surface of the grave should be formed into a rectangle and raised 4″ (10 cms) from the ground with a sign on it to make it recognisable. It is makruh to raise it further.
\nSome water should be poured on the grave.
\nThe people present should place their fingers into the grave so that their finger marks remain in it (tanzeel), and recite Suratul Qadr 7 times asking Allah to forgive the dead person.
\nAfter the people leave the graveyard, any one of the relatives of the dead person or one who is given permission by the heirs of the dead person should recite talqeen once again, this time at the grave side.<\/p>\n

TALQEEN<\/strong>
\nIf the deceased is male:
\nListen and understand, listen and understand, listen and understand, O \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.son of \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026
\nAre you on the same covenant on which you were when you parted from us?
\nThat there is no God but Allah Who is only One and who has no partner,
\nAnd that indeed Mohammed, is the abd and the messenger of Allah and is the chief of all the prophets and is the last of them.
\nAnd that Ali is the commander of all the believers and the leaders of all the successors and he is such an Imam whose obedience has been made obligatory on the whole world.
\nAnd that Hasan and Husayn and Ali son of Husayn, and Muhammed son of Ali and Ja\u2019far son of Muhammed, and Musa son of Ja\u2019far, and Ali son of Musa, and Muhammed son of Ali, and Ali son of Mohammed, and Hasan son of Ali, and Mohammed, the awaited one, son of Hasan-may the peace of Allah be on them all – are the Imams of all the believers and are the authorities on the whole world, and all these Imams are the rightly guiding and the pious?
\nO \u2026\u2026\u2026 son of \u2026\u2026\u2026, when the two angels favoured by Allah and appointed by Him approach you, and ask about your god and your prophet, your qibla and your Imams,
\nDo not be afraid or grieved of worried, but say in reply:
\n“Allah, the glorious and dignified, is my Rabb, Muhammed peace of Allah be upon him and his progeny, is my Prophet, Islam is my religion, the Qur\u2019an is my book, Kaa\u2019ba is my Qibla, Ameerul Mu\u2019mineen Ali ibne Abu Talib is my Imam, Hasan Mujtaba is my Imam, Husain, the martyr of Karbala is my Imam, Ali Zaynul Abideen is my Imam, Mohammed Baqir is my Imam, Ja\u2019far Saadiq is my Imam, Musa \u2013al- Kaazim is my Imam, Ali Riza is my Imam, Muhammed Jawaad is my Imam, Ali Haadi is my Imam, Hasan Askari is my Imam and Hujjatul Muntadhar is my Imam.
\nAll these great persons, may Allah\u2019s peace be upon them, are my Imams, my leaders, my chiefs, and my intercessors and I keep friends with them and have hatred for their enemies in this world as well as in the world to come.”
\nUnderstand, \u2026\u2026\u2026 son of\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026, that Allah, the Almighty and Exalted, is the best Rabb, that Muhammad is the best Prophet, and that the commander of the believers, Ali son of Abu Talib and his offsprings, the twelve Aimma are the best of Imams
\nAnd that the message Muhammad brought from Allah is true,
\nAnd death is true, the questioning in the grave by Munkar and Nakir is true, the resurrection of the dead is true, the appearance before Allah is true, the siraat is true, the balance is true, the disclosure of the book of one\u2019s deeds on the day of qiyama is true, Janna is true, Jahannam is true and that there is no doubt about the coming of the inevitable hour of reckoning, and that Allah will raise the dead from their graves
\nDo you understand, O \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. son of \u2026\u2026\u2026.., may Allah keep you safe and guide you to the right path. May Allah through His mercy acquaint you with your Awliyaa at the abode of His rahma
\nO Allah! Make the earth spacious for him on both sides and elevate his soul to Yourself. O Allah! Forgive us, forgive us.
\nIf the deceased is female:
\nListen and understand, listen and understand, listen and understand, O \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.daughter of \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026
\nAre you on the same covenant on which you were when you parted from us?
\nThat there is no God but Allah Who is only One and who has no partner,
\nAnd that indeed Mohammed, is the abd and the messenger of Allah and is the chief of all the prophets and is the last of them.
\nAnd that Ali is the commander of all the believers and the leaders of all the successors and he is such an Imam whose obedience has been made obligatory on the whole world.
\nAnd that Hasan and Husayn and Ali son of Husayn, and Muhammed son of Ali and Ja\u2019far son of Muhammed, and Musa son of Ja\u2019far, and Ali son of Musa, and Muhammed son of Ali, and Ali son of Mohammed, and Hasan son of Ali, and Mohammed, the awaited one, son of Hasan-may the peace of Allah be on them all – are the Imams of all the believers and are the authorities on the whole world, and all these Imams are the rightly guiding and the pious?
\nO \u2026\u2026\u2026 daughter of \u2026\u2026\u2026, when the two angels favoured by Allah and appointed by Him approach you, and ask about your god and your prophet, your qibla and your Imams,
\nDo not be afraid or grieved of worried, but say in reply:
\n“Allah, the glorious and dignified, is my Rabb, Muhammed peace of Allah be upon him and his progeny, is my Prophet, Islam is my religion, the Qur\u2019an is my book, Kaa\u2019ba is my Qibla, Ameerul Mu\u2019mineen Ali ibne Abu Talib is my Imam, Hasan Mujtaba is my Imam, Husain, the martyr of Karbala is my Imam, Ali Zaynul Abideen is my Imam, Mohammed Baqir is my Imam, Ja\u2019far Saadiq is my Imam, Musa \u2013al- Kaazim is my Imam, Ali Riza is my Imam, Muhammed Jawaad is my Imam, Ali Haadi is my Imam, Hasan Askari is my Imam and Hujjatul Muntadhar is my Imam.
\nAll these great persons, may Allah\u2019s peace be upon them, are my Imams, my leaders, my chiefs, and my intercessors and I keep friends with them and have hatred for their enemies in this world as well as in the world to come.”
\nUnderstand, \u2026daughter of\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026, that Allah, the Almighty and Exalted, is the best Rabb, that Muhammad is the best Prophet, and that the commander of the believers, Ali son of Abu Talib and his offsprings, the twelve Aimma are the best of Imams
\nAnd that the message Muhammad brought from Allah is true,
\nAnd death is true, the questioning in the grave by Munkar and Nakir is true, the resurrection of the dead is true, the appearance before Allah is true, the siraat is true, the balance is true, the disclosure of the book of one\u2019s deeds on the day of qiyama is true, Janna is true, Jahannam is true and that there is no doubt about the coming of the inevitable hour of reckoning, and that Allah will raise the dead from their graves
\nDo you understand, O \u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.. daughter of \u2026\u2026\u2026.., may Allah keep you safe and guide you to the right path. May Allah through His mercy acquaint you with your Awliyaa at the abode of His rahma
\nO Allah! Make the earth spacious for her on both sides and elevate her soul to Yourself. O Allah! Forgive us, forgive us.<\/p>\n

MOURNING AND CONDOLENCE<\/strong>
\n“Indeed we are from Allah and to Him we shall return”
\nAlthough death as the above aya of the Qur\u2019an illustrates represents a return to the Creator, it nevertheless remains a painful experience for the survivors.
\nWhen a loved one dies, powerful and conflicting emotions are aroused \u2013 sadness over the loss and confusion about the future. To suppress the expression of grief is unhealthy but to allow our grief to overwhelm us is to selfishly overlook the true meaning of death.
\nOne should continually recite
\nand the Qur\u2019an.
\nIt is haram to physically harm oneself through grief. Whilst weeping over the dead, it is ihtiyat mustahab that one\u2019s voice should not be very loud.
\nIt is mustahab to console the bereaved family and friends.
\nWhen friends or relatives are grieving for a loved one, greet them with a warm handshake and say:
\n“May Allah soften your grief”
\nOften there is not much more one can say \u2013 do not try to explain, just be there with them. Soothe them, console them with warmth and weep with them. No matter how hard one tries, we must accept that sometimes especially at the death of a loved one, we do not understand His Rahma.
\nIt is makruh to eat with the bereaved in their homes and putting them under unnecessary inconvenience.
\nIt is mustahab to send food to and serve the family of the deceased for three days.
\nThere is no way to replace a loved one, but one can supplement our normal good deeds with further virtuous acts on behalf of the marhumeen. E.g. Sadaqa, Imparting religious education, donating to welfare projects such as the building of roads, hospitals, water supplies etc\u2026
\nOne should remember the dead with good memories, pray for them and ask for forgiveness for them. It is reported that one day the Prophet (S.A.W.) was escorting a funeral when he heard some people praise the one who was being buried. The Prophet (S.A.W.) said:
\n“I swear by the Rabb of the Ka\u2019ba, that the path to Janna has become secure for this person because mu\u2019mineen have witnessed his goodness and Allah does not reject their testimony.”
\n(Mustadrakul Wasa\u2019il V1 Pg 147)
\nDeath is an opportunity to examine our own lives and evaluate how we are fulfilling our purpose of existence. Death is a lesson that shakes us out of our complacency and makes us rethink our priorities. The Prophet (S.A.W.) said to Abu Dharr:
\n“When you are escorting a funeral remind yourself of your own death, fear it and remember that you too will meet it one day.”<\/p>\n

SALATUL WAHSHAT\/HADIYA MAYYIT<\/strong>
\n“A dead person does not bear greater hardships in his\/her grave at any time than the first night.”
\nProphet Muhammad (S.A.W.)
\nOn the day of burial it is recommended to give sadaqa, asking for rahma (mercy) for the marhum\/marhuma.
\nIn addition as a gift, one should pray Salatul Wahshat if one is a near relation or Salatul Hadiya Mayyit with the niyya of pleasing Allah and seeking forgiveness for the dead person.
\nWahshat means loneliness and anxiety. This salaa can be recited at any time during the first part of the night of burial, but it is better to pray it at the beginning of the night after Isha salaa.
\nIt consists of 2 rakaats.
\nIn the 1st rakaat after Suratul Hamd recite Ayatul Kursi (2:254, 255, 256)
\nIn the 2nd rakaat after Suratul Hamd recite 10x Suratul Qadr
\nHadiya Mayyit means a gift to the mayyit. The salaa consists of 2 rakaats.
\nIn the 1st rakaat after Suratul Hamd recite Suratul Qadr
\nIn the 2nd rakaaat after Suratul Hamd recite Suratul Kawthar.
\nAfter completing the salaa, ask Allah to send the thawabs of the salaa to the grave of the marhum\/marhuma.<\/p>\n

VISITING THE GRAVEYARD<\/strong>
\n“It is one of the rights of a Muslim over another Muslim that he should visit his grave.”
\nImam Ja\u2019fer As-Sadiq (A.S.)
\nUpon seeing the graves , one must greet them (with salaam). The following salaam is recommended:
\nWherever possible face qibla, and recite Suratul Fatiha for all the marhumeen.
\nOn the grave you are visiting recite:
\n1. 1. Suratul Fatiha three times
\n2. 2. Suratul Qadr three times
\n3. 3. Ayatul Kursi three times
\n4. 4. Suratul Falaq three times
\n5. 5. Suratun Naas three times
\n6. 6. Suratu Yaseen
\n7. 7. Any dua asking Allah\u2019s forgiveness for the marhum\/a
\nRespect the sanctity of the grave yard. The prophet (S.A.W.) has said:
\n“If I have to walk over burning desert or fire or to place my foot on the edge of a sharp sword, I would prefer it to trampling on the grave of a Muslim.”
\nHe also said to Imam Ali (A.S.):
\n“Ya Ali! Allah considers a few things undesirable for my followers. One of them is laughing in a graveyard\u2026..”<\/p>\n

SALATUL IJARA<\/strong>
\nSalatul Ijara is hiring someone to offer the qadha salaa* for a marhum\/marhuma with payment. The person may also be paid for performing the qadha sawm and hajj.
\nIf a person did not pray some of his wajib salaa, and did not perform their qadha, in spite of being able to do so, after his death, it is upon his eldest son, as ihtiyate wajib to perform the qadha. If the son cannot do so, he may hire someone to perform them. The qadha salaa of a mother are not wajib upon the eldest son \u2013 however, it is better if he performs them.
\nIf a person makes a wasiyya (will) that all his\/her qadha wajibaat must be performed, then it is the responsibility of the executor of his\/her will to ensure that the qadha are performed.
\n*As long as a person is alive, no other person can offer his\/her qadha on his\/her behalf, even if he\/she is unable to offer them.
\nWRITING A WILL
\n“..It is prescribed for you when death approaches any one of you to make a will (wasiyya); if he\/she leaves behind wealth , for his\/her parents, and his\/her near relatives………., a duty upon the pious people.”
\nSuratul Baqara – 2:180
\n“It is not appropriate for a Muslim to pass 2 nights without his\/her will being near his\/her pillow.”
\nProphet Muhammad (S.A.W.)
\nA wasiyya (will) constitutes the set of instructions whereby one directs his\/her heirs or administrators regarding the following:
\n1. i) Distribution of wealth after death
\n2. ii) Performing of qadha waajibaat e.g. salaa, sawm, hajj… (Even if the deceased does not mention it in his\/her will, it is wajib for the heirs to pay for Qadha salaa, sawm, zakaa, khums or Hajj if they were due. Priority must be given first to debts and burial expenses).
\n3. iii) Any directive regarding his\/her burial.
\nEven though Islamic law does not insist upon it, it is best to write down one\u2019s will. Present day requirements and the laws of the land make it obligatory that a person should have a written will to ensure speedy disposal of wealth and avoid unnecessary hardship to their heirs and executors of the will.
\nIn Islamic law, a person has the right of disposing one third of his\/her wealth according to his\/her wishes only by making a will. The remaining two thirds must be divided according to the shares specified by shari\u2019a.
\nAccording to shari\u2019a there are 2 causes which give rise to the right of inheritance:
\n1. 1) Nasab (consanguinity or blood relationship)
\n2. 2) Sabab ( relationship by marriage)
\nThe nasabi heirs are divided into 3 categories:
\n1. i) Parents and children
\n2. ii) Grandparents, sisters, brothers and their siblings
\n3. iii) Uncles and aunts
\nlong as there is even one person alive from the first category, no other relative from the second or third category will receive anything from the \u2018estate\u2019*.
\nThe Sababi heirs – husband or wife inherit from each other regardless of the presence of any relative in the 3 nasabi categories.
\n*Estate
\nIt is the collective name for everything one owns. It consists of:
\n-All properties, goods, and investments in one\u2019s name.
\n-Any specified portion of goods and investment in which one is a co-owner.
\nTotal Estate minus Burial expenses, outstanding debts, outstanding Khums, Zakaa, Kaffara, Nadhr, Hajj…….
\nEquals Net Estate
\nNet Estate
\n1\/3 This to be disposed off according to one\u2019s wishes.
\n2\/3 This is distributed to the Sababi & Nasabi heirs according to Shari\u2019a
\nFrom the 2\/3 of the net estate the share of the Sababi heirs (Spouses) is as follows:
\n1. The wife\u2019s share on her husband\u2019s death is 1\/8 if there are children and 1\/4 if there are no children
\n2. The husband\u2019s share on his wife\u2019s death is 1\/4 if there are children and 1\/2 if there are no children.
\nThe remainder is divided so that the parents get 1\/6 each.
\nFinally, the children inherit the balance so that the son\/s get twice that which the daughters inherit. If there is no will then the entire net estate will be divided according to the shares above.
\nMiscellaneous Orders
\n– A wife is not entitled to land of her husband – be it agricultural or residential. She only inherits the house on the land according to her proportional shares in inheritance.
\n– The personal Qur\u2019an, ring and clothes in which the deceased dies in belong to the eldest son.
\n– If the deceased is heavily in debt, the debts must be settled first even if it means that his\/her heirs will receive nothing.
\n– A murderer does not inherit from his\/her victim, even if he\/she is the nearest or only relation of the victim.<\/p>\n

SAMPLE WILL
\nThis is the last will and testament of ……………………………
\nson\/daughter of………………………….\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026…….
\ncurrently residing at ………………………………………………\u2026.
\n…………………………………………………………………………………
\n…………………………………………………………………………………
\nmade on………………………..
\nI hereby revoke all former wills and testaments made by me and declare this to be my last will.
\nI testify that I am a practising Muslim of the Shia Ithna Asheri faith believing in one God, His Prophets- the last of whom is Muhammad (S.A.W.) and the institution of Imama with the Imam of the time being Imam Muhammad Al-Mahdi (A.S.)
\nI appoint …………………………………………………………………
\nof………………………………………………………………………………
\n…………………………………………………………………………………
\nto be the executor of this, my WILL.
\nI DIRECT that all my debts, funeral and testamentary expenses be paid as soon as is convenient after my death.
\nI DIRECT my Executors to pay the World Federation of K S I M C (a registered charity in the U K) a sum calculated by my …………………………………… to be spent by them as KHUMS charity.
\nAfter all these payments have been made the remainder of my estate should be divided in the following proportions.
\nOne third of the estate – here forth known as portion A
\nTwo thirds of the estate – here forth known as portion B
\nPortion A
\nPortion B
\nThis conforms to the Shia Ithna Asheri laws of inheritance.
\nIn witness, whereof I, the said
\n\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026. ……………………………………………………………..
\nhave signed my name on this
\n……………………………………………………………
\nSigned by the said
\n……………………………………………………………………………….
\nIn the presence of us both present at that time, who in his\/her presence and in the presence of each other have hereto subscribed our name as witnesses:
\n1……………………………………………………………………………….
\n…………………………………………………………………………………
\n2……………………………………………………………………………….
\n…………………………………………………………………………………<\/p>\n

\n

Doors of Knowledge of Ahl-ul-Bayt (A.S): part 2<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n