The Jurisprudential sects of Islam:<\/strong> We learned that Islamic jurisprudence is the knowledge of Islamic laws, what is permissible and what is forbidden, what is obligatory, what is disliked and what is recommended, and what is correct and what is incorrect.<\/p>\n We also know that these Islamic laws are derived from the Qur\u0101n and prophetic traditions. How Jurisprudence sects were formed and when<\/strong> The Ahlul-Bayt (a) Sect<\/strong> The Hanafi Sect<\/strong> The Maliki Sect<\/strong> The Shafi\\’i Sect<\/strong> The Hanbali Sect<\/strong> We learned that Islamic jurisprudence is the knowledge of Islamic laws, what is permissible and what is forbidden, what is obligatory, what is disliked and what is recommended, and what is correct and what is incorrect.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":7280,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7376],"tags":[20274,20048,7943,20343,19669],"class_list":["post-4708","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jurisprudence","tag-islamic-jurisprudence","tag-islamic-laws","tag-jurisprudence","tag-jurisprudential-sects","tag-shia-studies-world-assembly"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/shiastudies.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4708","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/shiastudies.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/shiastudies.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/shiastudies.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/shiastudies.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4708"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/shiastudies.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4708\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/shiastudies.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7280"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/shiastudies.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4708"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/shiastudies.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4708"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/shiastudies.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4708"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\nWe also know that the Muslims in the time of the Prophet (s) would take their religious rulings from him. They would take the rulings that had to do with worship, like prayer, pilgrimage, fasting and spiritual purification, or the rulings that had to do transactions like trade, partnership, rent, land, marriage and divorce and other rules that are found in the religion from him.
\nThen, after his death, some situations arose in one\\’s prayer, fast, life, business, partnership or pilgrimage, etc that did not occur during the Prophet\\’s (s) lifetime. They needed to know what the religious ruling was. In this case they would refer to some of the companions \u00ae to take the ruling from them. Some took rulings from Im\u0101m \u201bAl\u012b bin Ab\u012b T)\u0101lib (a), some from \u201bAbd Allah bin \u201bAbb\u0101s and some from \u201bAbd Allah bin Mas\u201b\u016bd. \u201bAl\u012b (a) was the most knowledgeable companion, the Prophet (s) said the following about him: “I am the city of knowledge and \u201bAl\u012b is its gate.”[20]
\nBut, we see some different verdicts passed by different companions \u00ae and the generation that came after them called the t\u0101bi\u201b\u012bn. There were many mujtaheds and many differences in verdicts, but there were no jurisprudential sects like there are today. The Muslims would refer to the scholars amongst the companions, t\u0101bi\u201b\u012bn and Im\u0101ms (a) for the religious rulings that they needed. Im\u0101m \u201bAl\u012b bin al-H)ussayn al-Sajj\u0101d (a), Im\u0101m Muh)ammad bin \u201bAl\u012b al-B\u0101qir (a) and Im\u0101m Ja\u201bfar bin Muh)ammad al-S)\u0101diq (a) lived in these times.<\/p>\n
\nThe divisions of Muslims became widespread after the murder of the third khal\u012bf, \u201bUthm\u0101n bin \u201bAfw\u0101n. At that time the Muslims swore allegiance to Im\u0101m \u201bAl\u012b bin Ab\u012b T)\u0101lib (a) but Mu\u201b\u0101w\u012byyah bin Ab\u012b Sufy\u0101n refused to swear allegiance to him. Nobody followed him in this except the people of Syria. He formed his own, autonomous government there. He also took some jurists and some people who related traditions with him, and thus the major division was started. At the same time where the Muslims and the great companions believed \u201bAl\u012b (a) to be the rightful khal\u012bf and the most knowledgeable person war was started between him and Mu\u201b\u0101w\u012byyah bin Ab\u012b Sufy\u0101n. Here, the belief in the Ahlul-Bayt (a) grew. The Ahlul-Bayt are glorified in the Qur\u0101n, Allah said that he took all impurities from them and purified them, a thorough purification, he also made it obligatory to love them and accept their authority.
\nA Shia of the Ahlul-Bayt (a) is one who loves them, obeys them and believes in their rights.
\nThe Shia had a strong presence during the fight with Mu\u201b\u0101w\u012byyah and after Im\u0101m \u201bAl\u012b bin Ab\u012b T)\u0101lib\\’s martyrdom when his son al-H)assan bin bint Ras\u016bl Allah (a) became the khal\u012bf. After that a big argument arose between Im\u0101m al-H)ussayn bin \u201bAl\u012b bin Ab\u012b T)\u0101lib (a) and Yaz\u012bd bin Mu\u201b\u0101w\u012byyah which lead to a war between them in a place called Karbal\u0101\\’, Iraq. This war took place on the tenth day of the Islamic month \\’Muh)arram\\’ in the 61st year after the great migration. Im\u0101m H)ussayn and 78 of his companions and family members were martyred in this war.
\nWith all of this, there were not jurisprudential sects of Islam as there are today. There were two different sects at that time. One of them followed the Ahlul-Bayt (a) those that Allah cleansed from all impurities and purified them a thorough purification, those who did not say anything except what their forefather, the messenger of Allah (s) said. The Ahlul al-Bayt (a) are none other than Im\u0101m \u201bAl\u012b, H)assan, H)ussayn and the nine Im\u0101ms that came from his lineage (a). The other group followed the Ummaw\u012b judges. Of course amongst the Ummaw\u012b judges there were different opinions and various verdicts.
\nAt the end of the first century after the great migration different jurists appeared and the Islamic sciences took form. Examples of these jurists are: Sa\u201b\u012bd bin al-Mussayib, al-H)assan al-Bas)r\u012b and Sufy\u0101n al-Th\u016br\u012b who lived in the same time as Im\u0101m Muh)ammad al-B\u0101qir bin \u201bAl\u012b bin al-H)ussayn bin \u201bAl\u012b bin Ab\u012b T)\u0101lib. The scholars of this time learned from him.
\nIslamic jurisprudence started to spread out in the second century after the great migration. Islamic jurisprudential sects also started to form because many jurists appeared and they made many religious verdicts which differed from the verdicts of others. Some of the differences include leaving the hands down in prayer or folding them or in some of the rulings regarding wud)\u016b\\’, fasting, divorce, inheritance, etc.
\nThe jurisprudential sects of Islam that are taught and have scholars and students all over the world are:
\n1. The Ahlul-Bayt (a) sect. It is also called the Ja\u201bfar\u012b sect or the Shia Im\u0101m\u012byyah sect.
\n2. The H)anaf\u012b sect.
\n3. The M\u0101lik\u012b sect.
\n4. The Sh\u0101fi\u201b\u012b sect.
\n5. The H)anbal\u012b sect.
\nEach of these jurisprudential sects will be described:<\/p>\n
\nIt must be stated that the Ahlul-Bayt (a) do not have a separate sect, or different laws than their forefather Muh)ammad (s). Instead, they continued his path and took from him. Rules pertaining to worship, contracts and other miscellaneous subjects are all taken from one source full of wisdom and light, which is none other than the Prophet (s). Im\u0101m S)\u0101diq (a) said: “We do not give any legal rulings or ethical advice unless it was passed to us by our great father who obtained it from the Prophet (s).” So, their traditions, unless changed, depict the essence of Islam that was sent from the lord of the worlds.[21]
\nThe Ahlul-Bayt (a) sect is also named the Ja\u201bfar\u012b sect attributed to Im\u0101m Ja\u201bfar S)\u0101diq bin Muh)ammad B\u0101qir bin \u201bAl\u012b Zayn al-\u201b\u0100bid\u012bn bin al-H)ussayn al-Sibt) bin \u201bAl\u012b bin Ab\u012b T)\u0101lib (a).
\nIt is also named the Shia Im\u0101m\u012byyah sect because of their belief in the 12 Im\u0101ms from the Ahlul-Bayt (a).
\nIm\u0101m Ja\u201bfar S)\u0101diq (a) was the Im\u0101m of the Muslims in his time. He was the teacher of scholars and famous for his greatness, knowledge, abstinence from the world and worship.
\nIm\u0101m Ja\u201bfar S)\u0101diq (a) was born in the 82nd year after the great migration, during the Ummayad reign. He taught and spread Islamic sciences in the prophet\\’s mosque, just like his forefathers did. He would relate traditions from his father, al-B\u0101qir (a) who related them from his forefathers all the way up to the messenger of Allah (s). He gave 1000 jurisprudential verdicts and was ahead of the scholars of his time in Islamic sciences, for example theology, tafs\u012br and whatever else the Muslims treasured.
\nThere were around 4000 religious students that related traditions from him.
\nSome of Im\u0101m S)\u0101diq\\’s (a) students were Im\u0101ms of prophetic traditions and leaders of different sects, for example: Im\u0101m Ab\u012b H)an\u012bfah (the leader of the H)anaf\u012b sect) and Im\u0101m M\u0101lik bin Uns (the leader of the M\u0101lik\u012b sect).
\nThe Ahlul-Bayt jurisprudential sect has spread today to different areas of the Islamic world, for example Iraq, Lebanon, Iran, Pakistan, Indonesia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, India, Azerbaijan, etc.<\/p>\n
\nThis sect is called the H)anaf\u012b sect because of its im\u0101m, Ab\u012b H)an\u012bfah.
\nAb\u012b H\\’an\u012bfah\\’s full name is al-Nu\u201bm\u0101n bin Th\u0101bit bin Z\u016bt)\u012b al-F\u0101rs\u012b. His forefathers were from Kabul. Ab\u012b H\\’an\u012bfah was born in the 80th year after the great migration and died in the year 150 in Baghdad.
\nAb\u012b H\\’an\u012bfah grew up in K\u016bfa and spent half of his life as a businessman before he became a seminary student and teacher. He studied under H\\’amm\u0101d bin Ab\u012b Salamah for eighteen years before he became a scholar himself. He was one of the big scholars of his time and reached the level of ijtih\u0101d. He accepted voting and syllogisms in addition to the Qur\u0101n and prophetic traditions as tools for deriving religious rulings. Many scholars of his time refuted him on this issue, for example Im\u0101m Muh)ammad al-B\u0101qir (a) and Ja\u201bfar al-S)\u0101diq (a). They said that one must stick to the Qur\u0101n and the prophetic traditions.
\nHis sect spread in Iraq and later in other areas of the Islamic world. Ab\u012b H)an\u012bfah lived for 52 years during the Umayyad reign, but did not accept them. Rather, he believed that the khal\u012bfat should be given to the family of \u201bAl\u012b (a). He even ruled in favor of the \u201bAlaw\u012b uprising lead by Zayd bin \u201bAl\u012b bin al-H)ussayn bin \u201bAl\u012b bin Ab\u012b T)\u0101lib and allowed money that was collected from taxes (zak\u0101t) to be spent on the uprising. It should be mentioned that Zayd bin \u201bAl\u012b bin al-H)ussayn taught Ab\u012b H)an\u012bfah for two years and \u201bAbd Allah bin al-H)ussayn bin \u201bAl\u012b bin Ab\u012b T)\u0101lib was also one of his teachers.
\nThe Umayad\\’s asked him to become a judge and he refused. Because of this, they put him in prison and whipped him for days, until the bridge of death. Then, the executioner helped him to escape and he escaped to Mecca. He lived moving in between Mecca and Medina as a nomad. In this time he studied for two years under Im\u0101m S)\u0101diq (a). He has a famous saying about this: “If it wasn\\’t for these two years al-Nu\u201bm\u0101n would have been destroyed.” He stayed there until the Umayyad dynasty collapsed and the Abbasid dynasty rose.
\nWhen the Abbasid dynasty came to power, Ab\u012b H)an\u012bfah refused to help them. Mans)\u016br imprisoned him lashed him 120 times. He died as a result of those lashes.<\/p>\n
\nThis sect is named so in relation to its founder: Im\u0101m M\u0101lik bin Anas bin M\u0101lik al-As)bah)\u012b who was a member of the Yemenite al-As)bah) tribe.
\nM\u0101lik bin Anas was born in Medina in the 93rd year after the great migration. He was a student of some of the Islamic jurists of his time including N\u0101fi\u201b, Mawla \u201bAbd Allah bin \u201bUmar and Ibn Shah\u0101b al-Zahr\u012b. He also studied under Im\u0101m S)\u0101diq (a) and related traditions from him. He said: “I have not seen anyone better than Ja\u201bfar bin Muh)ammad.”
\nHe lived under Umayyad control for forty years and in this time he did not show himself as a scholar.
\nWhen the Umayyad dynasty fell and the Abbasid dynasty came to power he showed inclination towards the family of \u201bAl\u012b bin Ab\u012b T)\u0101lib (a) and ruled that the khalafah was their right. He passed a verdict making it obligatory to aid Muh)ammad bin \u201bAbd Allah bin al-H)assan bin \u201bAl\u012b bin Ab\u012b T)\u0101lib who started a revolution against the Abbasid dynasty. Ja\u201bfar bin Sulaym\u0101n, the Abbasid mayor of Medina, lashed him 50 times. The lashes were so hard that his shoes fell off.
\nThen the Abbasid khal\u012bf, Ab\u016b Ja\u201bfar al-Mans)\u016br changed his mind and improved his relations with Im\u0101m M\u0101lik. He asked Im\u0101m M\u0101lik to write a jurisprudential book, in accordance to his sect, to be published and given to the people. Im\u0101m M\u0101lik wrote the book Al-M\u016bt)\u0101\\’, a book of religious verdicts. So, the jurisprudential sect of the Abbasid Empire was M\u0101lak\u012b. This book was also sent to Africa and Indonesia. He differed from Ab\u012b H)an\u012bfah in the view of voting and syllogism. Im\u0101m M\u0101lik died in the 179th year after the great migration.<\/p>\n
\nThis sect was named after its founder Im\u0101m Muh)ammad bin Idr\u012bs bin \u201bAbb\u0101s bin \u201bUthm\u0101n Sh\u0101fi\u201b whose lineage traced back to H\u0101shim bin \u201bAbd al-Mut)t)alib, the Prophet\\’s (s) grandfather.
\nIm\u0101m Sh\u0101fi\u201b\u012b was born in the 150th year after the great migration, the same year that Ab\u012b H)an\u012bfah died. He was an orphan and his mother raised him in Yemen. When he reached 10 years of age he went to Mecca and learned how to read and write. He then went into the desert and lived there for 17 years before he became a religious student. He studied under the scholars of his time, for example Muslim bin Kh\u0101lid al-Makhz\u016bm\u012b and M\u0101lik bin Anas (the founder of the M\u0101lik\u012b sect). He studied the book al-M\u016bt)\u0101\\’. When Im\u0101m M\u0101lik passed away he returned to Yemen.
\nDuring Rash\u012bd\\’s reign, he was charged with helping the \u201bAlaw\u012b movement along with others by the governor of Yemen. He was then sent to Baghd\u0101d to be tried. Many were killed but Sh\u0101fi\u201b\u012b was saved.
\nHe then migrated to Egypt and spread his sect there. His sect was also spread by his students in other parts of the Islamic world. Im\u0101m Sh\u0101fi\u201b\u012b died in the 198th year after the great migration.
\nHe has said: “If there is a prophetic tradition in opposition to my view, throw my view against the wall.”[22]<\/p>\n
\nThis sect was named after its founder Ah)mad bin Muh)ammad bin H)anbal who was an Arab.
\nHe was born in the 164th year after the great migration in Baghd\u0101d. He started his studies there at the age of 15. He was Sh\u0101fi\u201b\u012b\\’s and \u201bAli Ab\u012b Yusif al-Q\u0101d)\u012b (Ab\u012b H)an\u012bfah\\’s student)\\’s student. He also studied under different scholars of his time, for example H)ar\u012bz, one of Im\u0101m S)\u0101diq\\’s (a) students.
\nThis sect was spread like the other sects. This sect is still present in the Arabic Peninsula and other parts of the Islamic world. Ah)mad bin H)anbal died in the 241st year after the great migration in Baghd\u0101d.
\nNotes:<\/strong>
\n[20] Al-Shar\u012bf al-Murtad)a, Tanz\u012byyah al-Anb\u012byy\u0101\u2019, page 212
\n[21] B\u0101qir Shar\u012bf al-Quraysh\u012b, Tafah)\u0101t min S\u012brah A\u2019imah Ahl al-Bayt (a), page 12
\n[22] Asad H)aydar, Al-Im\u0101m al-S)\u0101diq wa al-Madh\u0101hib al-Arba\u201bh, volume 1, page 175
\n<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"