{"id":57246,"date":"2019-06-19T08:00:13","date_gmt":"2019-06-19T03:30:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/shiastudies.com\/fa\/?p=57246"},"modified":"2019-08-31T12:25:03","modified_gmt":"2019-08-31T07:55:03","slug":"%d8%ad%d8%af%db%8c%d8%ab-%d8%b3%d9%81%db%8c%d9%86%d9%87-%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87-%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/shiastudies.com\/fa\/%d8%ad%d8%af%db%8c%d8%ab-%d8%b3%d9%81%db%8c%d9%86%d9%87-%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87-%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%84\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062b \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0644"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4>\u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062b \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0644<\/h4>\n<h4><a name=\"_Toc218574402\"><\/a>\u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062b \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0644<\/h4>\n<h4>\u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u060c \u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062b \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/h4>\n<h4>\u0648 \u0622\u0646\u0686\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0645\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0635\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0628\u06cc\u0644: \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[\u06f1]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0651\u0627\u062c \u062f\u0631 \u00ab\u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d\u00bb \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0646\u0628\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u00ab\u0645\u0633\u0646\u062f\u00bb<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[\u06f2]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0628\u0648 \u0646\u0639\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u00ab\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0647\u00bb<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[\u06f3]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0648 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0639\u0627\u0628\u00bb \u0648 \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0628\u06a9\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u06cc\u0628 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u00ab\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u00bb<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[\u06f4]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0637\u0644\u062d\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u00ab\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u00bb \u0648 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u00ab\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u0647\u00bb<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[\u06f5]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u00ab\u062a\u0630\u06a9\u0631\u0647\u00bb<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[\u06f6]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0648 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0635\u0628\u0651\u0627\u063a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u00ab\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0647\u00bb<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[\u06f7]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0647\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u00ab\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u00bb<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[\u06f8]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0644\u0646\u062c\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u00ab\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0635\u0627\u0631\u00bb<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[\u06f9]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0648 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u062e\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u00ab\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u06cc\u0628\u00bb<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[\u06f1\u06f0]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0648 \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0637\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u00ab\u062f\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062b\u0648\u0631\u00bb<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[\u06f1\u06f1]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0648 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0639\u0644\u0628\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u00ab\u062a\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u00bb \u0648 \u0637\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0648\u0633\u0637\u00bb<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[\u06f1\u06f2]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0648 \u062d\u0627\u06a9\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647\u06f1\u06f5\u06f1 \u062c\u0644\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u00ab\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0631\u06a9\u00bb<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[\u06f1\u06f3]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0648 \u0633\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u062e\u06cc \u062d\u0646\u0641\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u06f4 \u00ab\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0652\u064b\u00bb<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\"><sup>[\u06f1\u06f4]<\/sup><\/a><sup>)<\/sup> \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062f\u0651\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u00ab\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0651\u0647\u0652\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u00bb<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[\u06f1\u06f5]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0648 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u06a9\u0651\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0630\u06cc\u0644 \u0622\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0634\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u00ab\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642\u00bb<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[\u06f1\u06f6]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0648 \u0637\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u06cc\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u06af\u0646\u062c\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u06f1\u06f0\u06f0 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u06f2\u06f3\u06f3 \u00ab\u06a9\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0647\u0652\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u00bb<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[\u06f1\u06f7]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0648 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0639\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u06a9\u0631\u0645\u060c \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0648\u062f:<\/h4>\n<h4>\u00ab\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0641\u06cc\u06a9\u0645 \u06a9\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u06a9\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u06cc \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0644\u06a9\u00bb.<\/h4>\n<h4>\u00ab\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u064e\u062b\u064e\u0644 \u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u064e\u062b\u064e\u0644 \u06a9\u0634\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u0634\u062f \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062a \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0648 \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0644\u0627\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u062f.\u00bb<\/h4>\n<h4>\u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0633 \u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u062d\u0651\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062b \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0686\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u062c\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0652\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0622\u0644\u060c \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0647:<\/h4>\n<table width=\"416\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"170\">\n<h4>\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u062f \u0630\u0647\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0645<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"19\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">\n<h4>\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u06cc\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"170\">\n<h4>\u0631\u06a9\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u06cc \u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"19\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">\n<h4>\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0644<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"170\">\n<h4>\u0648\u0623\u0645\u0633\u06a9\u062a \u062d\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0645<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"19\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">\n<h4>\u06a9\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0633\u0651\u06a9 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0644<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"170\">\n<h4>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0647<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"19\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">\n<h4>\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"170\">\n<h4>\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0647<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"19\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">\n<h4>\u0641\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"170\">\n<h4>\u0623\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u06a9 \u0622\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"19\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">\n<h4>\u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u062c\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0644 \u0644\u06cc<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"170\">\n<h4>\u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u062a \u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"19\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">\n<h4>\u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u062a \u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u06a9 \u062d\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"170\">\n<h4>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0646\u06cc<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"19\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">\n<h4>\u0631\u0636\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u06cc \u0638\u0644\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u0638\u0644\u0651<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"170\">\n<h4>\u0631\u0636\u06cc\u062a \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0644\u06cc \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0647<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"19\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"170\">\n<h4>\u0648\u0623\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u06cc \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\"><strong>[\u06f1\u06f8]<\/strong><\/a>)<\/sup><\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>\u00ab\u0686\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u063a\u0631\u0642 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0648 \u06af\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u062a \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0633\u0651\u06a9 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\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0642 [\u0627\u0633\u062a] \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0644\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u06af\u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0647\u0644 \u062e\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0634\u06cc\u060c \u0622\u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0622\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f\u060c \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u061f \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u06af\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0647 \u062d\u0642 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u060c \u067e\u0633 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\u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0636\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0648 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062a\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0634 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0634\u0641 \u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc.\u00bb<\/h4>\n<h4>\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0648 \u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u06cc\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u0633\u0646\u0651\u062a \u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u062a\u060c \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0686\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0633\u0651\u06a9 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061b \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0647\u200c\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u062c\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062f 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\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645<\/em> \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u0631 <em>\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0642\u0647<\/em>\u060c \u06f1\u06f5\u06f2\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u06f1\u06f1\u060c \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u06f1\u060c \u0622\u06cc\u0647 \u06f7 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062b \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u062f: \u00ab<strong>\u0648\u0641\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u0631\u0642<\/strong>\u00bb. \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062b \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061b \u06af\u0631\u0686\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u062f\u0631 <em>\u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645<\/em> \u062f\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0641\u06cc \u0622\u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/h4>\n<h4>\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u06a9\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 <em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0631\u06a9<\/em>\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062c \u06f2\u060c \u06f3\u06f4\u06f3\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062b \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0630\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a: \u00ab<strong>\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u06a9\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u0631\u0642<\/strong>\u00bb\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062b \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a: \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062b \u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 <em>\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0652\u064b<\/em>\u060c \u062c \u06f2\u060c \u06f4\u06f4\u06f3\u060c \u0641\u06cc \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0652\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647 \u0630\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u06f2\u06f2\u06f0\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062b \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a &#8230; \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u0631\u0642. (\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642)<\/h4>\n<h4><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[\u06f2]<\/a>. \u062a\u0627 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u062c\u0648 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062b \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0645\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0646\u0628\u0644 \u062f\u0631 <em>\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647<\/em>\u060c \u06f2\/\u06f9\u06f8\u06f7 \u062d \u06f1\u06f4\u06f0\u06f2\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062b \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/h4>\n<h4><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[\u06f3]<\/a>. <em>\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0647\u0652\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0621<\/em>\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0646\u0639\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u06f4\/\u06f3\u06f0\u06f6\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06f2\u06f7\u06f5\u060c \u0634\u0631\u062d \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u06cc\u0631\u060c \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0631.<\/h4>\n<h4><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[\u06f4]<\/a>. <em>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/em>\u060c \u062e\u0637\u06cc\u0628 \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u060c \u06f1\u06f2\/\u06f9\u06f1\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06f6\u06f5\u06f0\u06f7\u060c \u0634\u0631\u062d \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0632.<\/h4>\n<h4><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[\u06f5]<\/a>. <em>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u0647\u060c<\/em> \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u06f2\/\u06f2\u06f9\u06f8\u060c \u0644\u063a\u062a \u0632\u062e\u062e.<\/h4>\n<h4><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[\u06f6]<\/a>. <em>\u062a\u0630\u06a9\u0631\u0647\u0652\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635\u060c <\/em>\u0633\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u060c \u0635\u06f2\u06f9\u06f1\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u06f1\u06f2\u066b<\/h4>\n<h4><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[\u06f7]<\/a>. <em>\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0647<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0635\u0628\u0651\u0627\u063a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u060c \u06f1\/\u06f1\u06f4\u06f1\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0651\u0641\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0628\u06cc\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u0634\u06cc\u0621 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u06cc \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645.<\/h4>\n<h4><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[\u06f8]<\/a>. \u06af\u0631\u0686\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062b \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u0652\u064b \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0644\u06a9\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0647\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 <em>\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0646<\/em>\u060c \u06f2\/\u06f1\u06f2\u06f0\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0645\u06f2\u060c \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u06f5\u060c \u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062b \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/h4>\n<h4><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[\u06f9]<\/a>. <em>\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0635\u0627\u0631<\/em>\u060c \u0634\u0628\u0644\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u060c \u0635\u06f2\u06f2\u06f9\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u06f2\u066b<\/h4>\n<h4><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[\u06f1\u06f0]<\/a>. <em>\u062a\u0641\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u06a9\u0628\u06cc\u0631<\/em>\u060c \u0641\u062e\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u060c \u06f2\u06f7\/\u06f1\u06f6\u06f7\u060c \u0630\u06cc\u0644 \u0622\u06cc\u0647 \u06f2\u06f3 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0647\u0652\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0647.<\/h4>\n<h4><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[\u06f1\u06f1]<\/a>. <em>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062b\u0648\u0631<\/em>\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0637\u06cc\u060c \u06f3\/\u06f6\u06f0\u06f3\u060c \u0630\u06cc\u0644 \u0622\u06cc\u0647 \u06f4\u06f3 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0648\u062f.<\/h4>\n<h4><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[\u06f1\u06f2]<\/a>. <em>\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/em>\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u06f6\/\u06f4\u06f0\u06f6\u060c \u062d \u06f5\u06f8\u06f6\u06f6\u060c \u0627\u062d\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u062b \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u0647\u0652\u064b \u0627\u0644\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0648 \u06f4\/\u06f2\u06f8\u06f4\u060c \u062d \u06f3\u06f5\u06f0\u06f2\u060c \u0627\u062d\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u062b \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0647.<\/h4>\n<h4><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[\u06f1\u06f3]<\/a>. <em>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u06cc\u062d\u06cc\u0646<\/em>\u060c \u062d\u0627\u06a9\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u06f3\/\u06f1\u06f6\u06f3\u060c \u062d \u06f4\u06f7\u06f2\u06f0\u060c \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0652\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647.<\/h4>\n<h4><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[\u06f1\u06f4]<\/a>. <em>\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0651\u0647\u0652\u064b<\/em>\u060c \u0642\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u060c \u06f1\/\u06f9\u06f4\u060c \u062d \u06f5\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u06f4\u066b<\/h4>\n<h4><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[\u06f1\u06f5]<\/a>. <em>\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0651\u0647\u0652\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628\u06cc<\/em>\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0648\u062f\u0651\u0647\u06f2 (\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 <em>\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0651\u0647\u0652\u064b<\/em>\u060c \u0642\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u060c \u06f2\/\u06f2\u06f6\u06f9\u060c \u062d \u06f7\u06f6\u06f8\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u06f5\u06f6).<\/h4>\n<h4><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[\u06f1\u06f6]<\/a>. <em>\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0642\u0647<\/em>\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u06a9\u0651\u06cc\u060c \u0635\u06f1\u06f5\u06f2\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u06f1\u06f1\u060c \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u06f1\u060c \u0622\u06cc\u0647 \u06f7\u066b<\/h4>\n<h4><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[\u06f1\u06f7]<\/a>. <em>\u06a9\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0647\u0652\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628<\/em>\u060c \u06af\u0646\u062c\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0641\u0639\u06cc\u060c \u0635\u06f3\u06f7\u06f9\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u06f1\u06f0\u06f0\u066b<\/h4>\n<h4><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[\u06f1\u06f8]<\/a>. <em>\u0631\u0634\u0641\u0647\u0652\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc<\/em>\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0648\u06cc \u062d\u0636\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u060c \u0635\u06f5\u06f7\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u06f1\u060c \u0622\u06cc\u0647 \u06f6\u066b \u062d\u0636\u0631\u0645\u06cc \u0633\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/h4>\n<h4>\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639: \u0628\u0631\u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0634\u0628\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0644\u062f\u06f1\u061b \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0639\u0647 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc<\/h4>\n<h4><a href=\"http:\/\/shiastudies.com\/fa\">http:\/\/shiastudies.com\/fa<\/a><\/h4>\n<h4>\u062d\u062f\u06cc\u062b \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0648 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